Slide 1:Greet the class and introduce yourself, the course (Gender and Society with Peace Studies), and the topic. Say that the report looks at gender issues in the Philippines: where they come from, what they look like today, the laws and programs that respond, and what nurses can do.

Slide 2:Gender shapes how people experience family life, education, work, health care, politics, and society. Gender issues arise when expectations about what women, men, and other genders should do create unequal opportunities, discrimination, or violence. The Philippines has strong laws and a high international ranking (20th of 145 economies in the WEF 2026 report), yet real gaps remain in work, politics, and safety. Transition: first, the key terms. Source: WEF (2026) via The Philippine Star (2026).

Slide 3:State the four objectives. The full report had seven; these four group them. Objective 1 covers the concept slides, objective 2 the issue slides, objective 3 the causes, effects, and intersectionality slides, and objective 4 the laws, strategies, and nursing role.

Slide 4:Sex is biological: anatomy, chromosomes, physiology. Gender is social: roles, expectations, behaviors, and relationships. Philippine law (RA 11313) defines gender in terms of socially ascribed characteristics, norms, roles, and expectations. Equality means the same rights and opportunities. Equity means different support for different starting points, to correct disadvantage, not to give anyone an unfair advantage. Example: a ramp helps a wheelchair user enter a clinic; that is equity serving equality.

Slide 5:Walk left to right. Pre-colonial communities were diverse, but women could hold social, economic, and spiritual authority, for example as babaylan (Nono, 2021). Spanish rule promoted the Maria Clara ideal of modest, obedient, devout women, yet women kept working, organizing, and resisting. In the American period schooling expanded and the 1937 plebiscite reached the votes needed for women's suffrage. The 1987 Constitution requires fundamental equality of women and men. Laws from 2009 to 2019 strengthened protection. Message: inequality has many roots, not one cause.

Slide 6:Transition: now that we have the concepts and history, let us look at what gender inequality looks like in the Philippines today.

Slide 7:The Philippines ranks 20th of 145 economies in the 2026 Global Gender Gap Index with about 78 percent parity, so there is real progress. Political empowerment parity is 37.9 percent (27th). Women's labor-force participation was 53.4 percent versus 74.6 percent for men in 2025 (PSA fact sheet). About 15 percent of ever-partnered women aged 15 to 49 reported partner violence in the 2025 NDHS, down from 17.5 percent in 2022. Check this figure against the PSA release before presenting; it comes from the course report and could not be re-verified online. The 20th, 145, 78 percent, and 37.9 percent figures were verified against WEF 2026 coverage.

Slide 8:Around 15 percent of ever-partnered women aged 15 to 49 reported physical, sexual, or emotional violence from a partner in the 2025 NDHS; emotional violence was most common. It improved from 17.5 percent in 2022 but remains serious. Violence harms physical and mental health. Victims may stay silent because of shame, fear of retaliation, financial dependence, concern for children, or not knowing where to get help. Nurses may be the first professionals victims meet, so privacy and a nonjudgmental approach matter. RA 9262 (2004) provides protective measures. Check this figure against the PSA release before presenting; it comes from the course report and could not be re-verified online.

Slide 9:RA 7877 (1995) made sexual harassment unlawful in work, education, and training. RA 11313, the Safe Spaces Act (2019), extends protection to streets, public spaces, and online, covering catcalling, unwanted sexual remarks, and cyberstalking. For students this includes classrooms, clinical areas, and group chats. RA 9208 (2003) addresses trafficking; poverty, unemployment, migration, limited education, and unsafe recruitment raise the risk.

Slide 10:The Philippines performs strongly in educational attainment, but equal access does not mean equal outcomes. Poverty, distance, disability, conflict, early pregnancy, and household duties can push students out, and stereotypes steer subject and career choices. On health, RA 10354 (2012) recognizes reproductive health as part of human rights and stresses access for poor and marginalized groups. Men and gender-diverse people also face barriers to care.

Slide 11:Women's labor-force participation was 53.4 percent in 2025 compared with 74.6 percent for men. Women are also a larger share of unpaid family workers: 10.1 percent versus 4.3 percent. These gaps are not just individual choices. Household duties, childcare, caregiving expectations, discrimination, occupational segregation, and workplace policies all play a part. Check this figure against the PSA release before presenting; it comes from the course report and could not be re-verified online.

Slide 12:In the August 2024 Occupational Wages Survey, full-time time-rated women earned an average of 22,236 pesos a month versus 21,009 for men, a gap of negative 5.8 percent, meaning women earned more on average in this group. This does not mean inequality is gone: the data do not capture participation, unpaid work, occupation, hours, job level, career breaks, or access to leadership. Distinguish fact (the averages) from interpretation (what they mean). Check this figure against the PSA release before presenting; it comes from the course report and could not be re-verified online.

Slide 13:The country has had women presidents, senators, mayors, and governors, yet political empowerment parity is only about 37.9 percent. Having women in power does not equal broad representation. LGBTQIA+ people face bullying, discrimination, family rejection, and health barriers. The Safe Spaces Act covers homophobic and transphobic slurs, but law alone does not remove stigma. In care settings, use respectful language and respond to the patient's needs rather than stereotypes.

Slide 14:Transition: we have seen the issues. Now we ask why they persist, how they affect people, and how they connect to peace.

Slide 15:Gender inequality is not caused by one thing. History and colonial legacy, culture and religion, family expectations, poverty, political structures, and media all feed it. Example: when caregiving is always presented as a woman's job (media), families expect daughters to leave school to help at home (family), which limits future work options (economy). Source: report sections 2, 3, 7, and 8.

Slide 16:Effects reach every level. Individuals: injuries, anxiety, depression, trauma, reproductive health problems. Families: financial dependence, unequal care duties, controlling behavior. Communities: fewer opportunities in school and paid work, and stigma toward LGBTQIA+ people. Institutions and society: uneven representation, laws that are not fully implemented, and barriers to health services. Message: this is a social issue, not only a women's issue.

Slide 17:Intersectionality means identities and disadvantages overlap. A middle-class urban woman and a poor Indigenous woman in an isolated community have very different experiences. The 2022 NDHS showed more partner violence among women in lower wealth groups. For nurses: assess the individual, not the stereotype.

Slide 18:Four real examples from the report. Babaylan: spiritual and ritual specialists, often women, important in healing, rituals, and community life; some assigned male at birth also held the role, showing flexible gender roles in some communities (Nono, 2021). 1937 plebiscite: women reached the required votes for suffrage. Likhaan Center for Women's Health: its 2025 work highlights the gap between laws and actual access for poor and marginalized women. Safe Spaces Act: protection now reaches streets and online spaces, relevant to students.

Slide 19:Link gender to peace carefully. Peace is more than the absence of war; it includes safe homes, schools, and communities. Violence against women and children is violence in the home and community, so preventing it builds peace. Human rights: the Constitution requires fundamental equality before the law. Inclusion: respecting differences in ethnicity, disability, and orientation prevents exclusion. Participation: when women and marginalized groups take part in decisions, programs fit real needs. Do not claim more than this; these are connections, not guarantees.

Slide 20:Transition: we have seen the problems; now the responses, starting with the legal framework.

Slide 21:Constitutional basis: the 1987 Constitution directs the State to ensure fundamental equality of women and men before the law. Six key laws: Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710, 2009), Anti-VAWC (RA 9262, 2004), Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act (RA 10354, 2012), Anti-Sexual Harassment Act (RA 7877, 1995), Safe Spaces Act (RA 11313, 2019), and Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (RA 9208, 2003). Only RA 11313 was re-checked online (via the PCW primer); confirm the others against LawPhil or the Official Gazette before presenting.

Slide 22:Gender and Development (GAD) mainstreaming means integrating gender perspectives into policies, programs, planning, budgeting, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. It focuses on changing systems, structures, and practices that produce inequality rather than just adding women into them. Agencies prepare GAD plans, budgets, and reports, and the Philippine Commission on Women (PCW) guidance stresses intersectionality. Civil society groups such as Likhaan Center for Women's Health work on the ground. Local governments can mainstream gender in health, safety, and disaster response.

Slide 23:Media shapes how people see gender. Repeated messages, such as housework is for women or men must never show vulnerability, shape expectations. Nursing portrayed as feminine can discourage men from the profession. Media can also promote respect, women's leadership, healthy masculinity, and LGBTQIA+ visibility. Social media helps advocacy but also spreads cyberbullying and harassment, so media literacy matters.

Slide 24:Four-step approach drawn from the report's recommendations. Educate: gender education in schools, consent, respect, media literacy. Protect: clear referral pathways, survivor support, and enforced laws. Include: fair workplaces, leadership opportunities, and programs that consider poverty, disability, ethnicity, and age. Monitor: GAD plans, budgets, and reports so progress can be tracked.

Slide 25:Laws do not automatically change behavior. Awareness, resources, and trained personnel lag. Norms pass through family, school, religion, and media. Poverty limits access to education, health, and legal help. Women still carry most unpaid care work. Individual women leaders do not equal inclusive institutions. Health care must be accessible, confidential, and inclusive.

Slide 26:Gender-sensitive nursing is not favoring one gender over another. It recognizes different risks, needs, and barriers. Go through the actions: respectful care, confidentiality, recognizing abuse, referrals, reproductive health education, informed decisions, avoiding stereotypes, respectful language, advocacy, and community health education. Example: when a patient hesitates to explain an injury, give privacy, ask open questions, document appropriately, and offer referral information.

Slide 27:Recap: gender issues grew from a long history. The Philippines has strong laws and real progress, such as a 20th place ranking, yet gaps remain in work, politics, and safety. Conclude that equality is a social issue for everyone, that equity and intersectionality matter, that laws are necessary but not sufficient, and that nurses shape respectful care through everyday communication.

Slide 28:Go through the ten recommendations briefly: gender education in schools, better law implementation, accessible health services, survivor support, shared family duties, inclusive workplaces, more leadership participation, challenging media stereotypes, applying intersectionality, and gender-sensitive nursing practice.

Slide 29:ANSWER KEY. 1) B, RA 9710 (2009). 2) B, 1937. 3) A, Babaylan. 4) A, Gender and Development. 5) C, the Safe Spaces Act (RA 11313, 2019); it covers catcalling and online sexual harassment. 6) False: equity means fair support based on different needs, while equality means equal rights and opportunities. Invite volunteers to answer aloud before revealing.

Slide 30:Main sources: PSA fact sheet on women and men (2026), PSA 2025 NDHS key indicators release (2026), WEF Global Gender Gap Report 2026, the PCW primer on the Safe Spaces Act, The Philippine Star report on the 2026 ranking, and Nono (2021) on the babaylan. Laws cited by number on the slides (RA 7877, 9208, 9262, 9710, 10354, 11313) and the 1987 Constitution should be consulted in their official texts. Note: the PSA pages were located but could not be opened here, so the PSA figures should be re-checked in the PDFs.

Slide 31:Thank the audience and invite questions and discussion.